[Arthropods with vectorial interest in spanish public health]. / Artrópodos con interés vectorial en la salud pública en España.

Fifteen of the thirty-one Obligatory Communicable Diseases in Spain, exempting those of congenital or neonatal types, can be transmitted by several species of arthropods that are present in our country. Several arthropod orders are the suitable transmitters of tens of bacteria, fungi, virus and protozoa. This fact demands a through of the biology knowledge of these vectors in order to adopt efficient control measures that allow us to reduce the incidence levels of these diseases. Nevertheless, the epidemiological studies shouldn't remain only restricted to the diseases with active transmission cycles in our country. It is necessary to acquire a global vision because of allochton diseases that are perfectly extensible to our territory in the globalization context in which we are situated. All this information is important to know which factors are preventing the disease presence. The aim is to provide the National Epidemiological Surveillance Network with a valuable predictive capacity that allows it to predict the potential arrival of diseases and the consequent strengthening of the spanish Public Health. The goal of this work is to carry out a review of the spanish arthropod fauna with any vectorial interest. The current situation of some of the more important vectorial diseases in our country and the factors related to a resurgence reappearance and/or intensification of those ones are also discussed. Therefore, the study of these inappealable protagonists in our Public Health as an articulatory element in the complex network that any vectorial disease entails is absolutely necessary.

Artrópodos con interés vectorial en la Salud Pública en España / Arthropods with vectorial interest in Spanish Public Health

Quince de las treinta y una Enfermedades de Declaración Obligatoria en España, exceptuando las de tipo congénito o neonatal, pueden ser transmitidas por diversas especies de artrópodos que están presentes en nuestro país. Decenas de bacterias, hongos, virus y protozoos tienen en diversos órdenes de artrópodos a sus agentes transmisores ideales. Este hecho hace que sea necesario conocer su biología para poder adoptar medidas de control que sean eficaces y nos permitan disminuir la incidencia de estas enfermedades. Sin embargo, los estudios epidemiológicos, lejos de quedar únicamente restringidos a las enfermedades que presentan ciclos activos de transmisión en nuestro país, deben adquirir una visión más global, en la que se incluyan también enfermedades alóctonas pero con una elevada probabilidad de que se transmitan a nuestro territorio en el contexto de globalización en el que nos hallamos. De este modo se conseguirá conocer qué factores impiden su presencia actual y dotar a la Red Nacional de Vigilancia Epidemiológica de una capacidad predictiva que permita pronosticar la posible llegada de la enfermedad, fortaleciendo a fin de cuentas la Salud Pública española. El objetivo del presente trabajo es llevar a cabo una revisión de la artropodofauna de interés vectorial en España. Se discute la situación actual en nuestro país de algunas de las enfermedades más importantes con transmisión vectorial, así como los factores que pueden determinar su aparición, resurgencia y/o recrudecimiento. El estudio de estos agentes en nuestra Salud Pública resulta imprescindible como un elemento más articulado en la compleja red que toda enfermedad de tipo vectorial conlleva (AU)

Fifteen of the thirty-one Obligatory Communicable Diseases in Spain, exempting those of congenital or neonatal types, can be transmitted by several species of arthropods that are present in our country. Several arthropod orders are the suitable transmitters of tens of bacteria, fungi, virus and protozoa. This fact demands a through of the biology knowledge of these vectors in order to adopt efficient control measures that allow us to reduce the incidence levels of these diseases. Nevertheless, the epidemiological studies shouldn’t remain only restricted to the diseases with active transmission cycles in our country. It is necessary to acquire a global vision because of allochton diseases that are perfectly extensible to our territory in the globalization context in which we are situated. All this information is important to know which factors are preventing the disease presence. The aim is to provide the National Epidemiological Surveillance Network with a valuable predictive capacity that allows it to predict the potential arrival of diseases and the consequent strengthening of the Spanish Public Health. The goal of this work is to carry out a review of the Spanish arthropod fauna with any vectorial interest. The current situation of some of the more important vectorial diseases in our country and the factors related to a resurgence reappearance and/or intensification of those ones are also discussed. Therefore, the study of these inappealable protagonists in our Public Health as an articulatory element in the complex network that any vectorial disease entails is absolutely necessary (AU)

El control de plagas en ambientes urbanos: criterios básicos para un diseño racional de los programas de control / Pest control in urban environments: basic criteria for a rational control program design

El objetivo del control de plagas urbanas es la mejora del bienestar de los residentes urbanos, la reducción de las enfermedades transmisibles, el mantenimiento de ambientes sanos, la creación de infraestructuras urbanas que reduzcan los riesgos, así como la reducción de la exposición a contaminantes biológicos, físicos y químicos y de sus efectos sobre la salud en el ambiente laboral y en la comunidad. En este sentido, y en relación con el control de plagas, es necesario diseñar programas de control adecuados contra aquellas especies que adquieren la consideración de plaga. Dadas las características de los ambientes urbanos en los que se produce una convivencia casi permanente entre el ser humano y estas especies animales, la adopción de un programa de lucha racional que permita reducir o eliminar la incidencia de estas plagas resulta imprescindible. Se analizan los criterios básicos para el diseño racional de programas de control que minimicen no sólo las consecuencias negativas que se derivan de las plagas, sino también los riesgos derivados de la aplicación de medidas para su control

The objectives of urban pest control are those of improving the welfare of urban residents, reducing contagious diseases, keeping healthy environments, creating urban infrastructures which will reduce risks, as well as reducing exposure to biological, physical and chemical contaminants and their health-related effects in the working and community environments. Given the characteristics of the urban environments in which these animal species and man almost constantly are sharing the same living space, it is absolutely essential that a rational control program be adopted to combat these pests which will make it possible to reduce or eliminate the incidence thereof. An analysis of the basic criteria for the rational design of control programs is provided in order to minimize not only the negative consequences stemming from these pests but also the risks entailed in the application of the measures for their control

[Rodent control: review of rodenticides registered in the field of environmental health in Spain]. / El control de los roedores: revisión de los rodenticidas registrados en el ámbito de la sanidad ambiental en España.

The use of what are known as "rodenticides", defined as biocides used for rodent control, is currently required. In the recent transposition of the Biocide Directive by way of Royal Decree 1054/2002, rodenticides are included under Main Group 3, Product Type 14. The current status of rodenticides in the Official Pesticide Registry is analyzed. This study has been conducted based on the data in the database of the Spain's Official Registry of Pesticides for Use in Public Health for rodenticides (technical and formulated active ingredients). Nine (9) of the technical active ingredients registered are anticoagulants, one (1) has a sedative effect and one (1) causes hypercalcemia. A total of 412 of the 416 formulated rodenticides include some anticoagulant (87.4% are coumarin derivatives, while 12.6% are indandione derivatives). A total 94.2% of these products are formulated as solids and are classified as slightly or moderately hazardous. Aspects such as effectiveness on the different species or the type of effect are not required. Based on the analysis conducted, the one outstanding aspect revealed is large number of formulated rodenticides registered in Spain in comparison to other countries. One of the major consequences which may be anticipated from the transposition of EC Directive 98/9/EC, is the reduction in the number and type of rodenticides which are registered and a greater degree of accuracy as to their effectiveness, the type of effect, the composition (baiting) and the type of formulation.

[Current situation in Spain of aerosol insect sprays registered for household use by the environmental health authorities]. / Situación actual en españa de los aerosoles insecticidas registrados en Sanidad Ambiental para uso doméstico.

BACKGROUND: The recent transposition of the Biocides Directive by means of Royal Decree 1054/2002 involves a substantial change in different Environmental Health-related aspects. To assess the impact of these changes, an analysis of the current situation is provided, based on which the consequences of the implementation of this Directive in Spain may be assessed, in addition to setting out the main aspects which must be analyzed with a view to a Biocides Registry being put into place in accordance with the aforementioned Royal Decree. METHODS: The analysis was made based on the data included in the Spanish Ministry of Health and Consumer Affairs related to aerosol insect sprays registered for Household Use. Aerosols were chosen as a result of their being the type most numerous on the market for household use. RESULTS: The formulation of these aerosols includes 25 insecticides, 1 disinfectant and 2 synergizers. A majority of the 298 aerosol insect sprays include some pyretroid in their composition, by itself or combined with some other insecticide, disinfectant and/or synergizing compound. Most of these biocides are a mixture of active substances. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the analysis made, the need of setting out new procedures for assessing the effectiveness of the formulas prepared for the use in question (design of standardized testing protocols, assessment of effectiveness on the different pest species, the effect of the mixture of active ingredients, safety timeframes, ...), in addition to the aspects related to toxicology; ecotoxicology or physicochemical characteristics.

Situación actual en España de los aerosoles insecticidas registrados en sanidad ambiental para uso doméstico / Current situation in Spain of aerosol insect sprays registered for household use by the environmental health authorities

Fundamentos: La reciente transposición de la Directiva de Biocidas a través del Real Decreto 1.054/2002 conllevará un cambio sustancial en distintos aspectos de la Sanidad Ambiental. Para evaluar la incidencia de estos cambios se presenta un análisis de la situación actual, a partir del cual se podrán valorar adecuadamente las consecuencias de la implantación de la Directiva en España, así como establecer los aspectos básicos que se deben analizar con vistas al establecimiento de un Registro de Biocidas acorde con dicho Real Decreto. Métodos: El análisis se ha efectuado a partir de los datos que figuran en la base de datos del Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo sobre los insecticidas registrados para Uso Doméstico presentados como aerosol. La elección de los aerosoles se ha realizado por tratarse del tipo de formulación más numerosa y utilizada para uso doméstico. Resultados: En la formulación de estos aerosoles intervienen 25 insecticidas, 1 desinfectante y 2 sinergizantes. La mayoría de los 298 aerosoles insecticidas presentan algún piretroide en su composición, sólo o en combinación con algún otro compuesto insecticida, desinfectante y/o sinergizante. La mayoría de estos biocidas son mezcla de sustancias activas. Conclusiones: Del análisis realizado se deduce la necesidad de definir nuevos procedimientos de evaluación de la eficacia de los formulados preparados para el uso (diseño de protocolos de ensayo estandarizados, evaluación de la eficacia sobre las distintas especies plaga, efecto de la mezcla de materias activas, plazos de seguridad,...), además de los aspectos referentes a la toxicología, ecotoxicología o características físico-químicas (AU)

Background: The recent transposition of the Biocides Directive by means of Royal Decree 1054/2002 involves a substantial change in different Environmental Health-related aspects. To assess the impact of these changes, an analysis of the current situation is provided, based on which the consequences of the implementation of this Directive in Spain may be assessed, in addition to setting out the main aspects which must be analyzed with a view to a Biocides Registry being put into place in accordance with the aforementioned Royal Decree. Methods: The analysis was made based on the data included in the Spanish Ministry of Health and Consumer Affairs related to aerosol insect sprays registered for Household Use. Aerosols were chosen as a result of their being the type most numerous on the market for household use. Results: The formulation of these aerosols includes 25 insecticides, 1 disinfectant and 2 synergizers. A majority of the 298 aerosol insect sprays include some pyretroid in their composition, by itself or combined with some other insecticide, disinfectant and/or synergizing compound. Most of these biocides are a mixture of active substances. Conclusions: Based on the analysis made, the need of setting out new procedures for assessing the effectiveness of the formulas prepared for the use in question (design of standardized testing protocols, assessment of effectiveness on the different pest species, the effect of the mixture of active ingredients, safety timeframes, ...), in addition to the aspects related to toxicology, ecotoxicology or physicochemical characteristics (AU)